Le destin du grand pingouin

28 juin 2008

Souvenir de mon époque Cousteau…
La Calypso met le cap vers la petite île Funk, au nord-est de Terre-Neuve. Jacques Cartier l’a visitée lors de ses deux voyages. Il l’a baptisée « l’île aux Oiseaux ». Elle mérite ce nom. Ici, les oiseaux ne sont pas nombreux : ils sont innombrables. Un maelström de becs, de pattes, de plumes. Sternes, mouettes, goélands, pétrels, fous, puffins, petits pingouins, guillemots, mergules.
Je suis heureux, mais je suis triste. Ma plus sombre pensée, la voici…
Il existait jadis, ici, une autre espèce nombreuse et magnifique. Jacques Cartier la décrit ainsi : « Ces oiseaux sont grands comme des oies, noirs et blancs, et ont le bec comme un corbeau. Et ils sont toujours dans la mer, sans jamais pouvoir voler en l’air, parce qu’ils ont de petites ailes, comme la moitié d’une main ; avec lesquelles ils volent aussi fort dans la mer que les autres oiseaux dans l’air. Nous nommons ces oiseaux apponatz. »
Ces « apponatz », dont Cartier fait « charger deux barques en moins d’une demi-heure », sont les grands pingouins (Plautus (= Alca) impennis). Je n’aurai jamais l’occasion d’en voir un exemplaire vivant. Personne n’aura plus jamais l’occasion d’en rencontrer un… Ils ont été massacrés, exterminés, anéantis, rayés du nombre des créatures par l’homme. L’espèce est éteinte.
Le grand pingouin, le géant de la famille des alcidés, atteignait soixante-quinze centimètres de hauteur. Il peuplait l’Atlantique Nord, de Terre-Neuve au Groenland, à l’Ecosse et à la Scandinavie. On le voyait parfois en Nouvelle-Angleterre, en France ou en Espagne. Admirablement adapté à la vie marine, mais incapable de voler, il devint une proie trop facile pour nous. À partir du XVIe siècle, les marins en tuèrent des centaines de milliers pour en apprêter la chair au sel, ou pour en extraire une graisse considérée comme « aussi bonne que celle de baleine ». On en remplit des bateaux. Les colonies disparurent les unes après les autres. Celle de l’île Funk était la plus grande. En 1841, un voyageur n’y vit plus que des ossements. L’ultime population fut celle d’Eldey Rock, au large de la côte est de l’Islande.
Le dernier grand pingouin y mourut en 1844.
De cette espèce superbe, il ne subsiste à présent que quelques spécimens naturalisés qui dorment dans la poussière des musées. Là où, demain, les rejoindront les restes pathétiques des derniers jaguars, tigres, requins, dauphins, éléphants ou chimpanzés. Et c’est ainsi que l’Homme est grand !

Publié dans la catégorie extinction par Yves Paccalet le 28 juin 2008.

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